Most consensus algorithms assume some subset of possible behaviors from the misbehaving nodes. The algorithms that don't are called "Byzantine" and are a very short list (e.g. the situation where a node can lie and maliciously try to misinform other nodes about the state of the system).

If you can tell that a node failed, there are usually other opportunities for circuit-breaking than shooting it, such as at the hypervisor, load-balancer, or even clients.