Assuming that the fuel injector wasn't stuck open, the car could simply disable the affected cylinder and continue to run (poorly) in limp mode. I had exactly this happen in a 20 year old VW and it turned out that the injector was fine and the connector had just come loose. The engine sounded awful running on 3 cylinders and wouldn't go past 3000 rpm but there was no permanent damage. The fault code in the ECU correctly identified the problem (fuel injector cylinder X open circuit) though it did also log misfires and disable traction control.