In Australia, 29.1% of residents (ie, citizens or permanent residents) were born overseas[1] in 2021 (down from 29.8% in 2020 due to COVID meaning less new permanent residents).

Net migration was 171,000 in 2021-22[2] and there were 167,000 newly conferred citizens (not counting native births)[3].

Top 5 countries of birth for Australian citizens born overseas were: England, China, India, New Zealand, Philippines. Top 5 new citizen countries of birth were: India, UK, Philippines, NZ, Pakistan.

[1] https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/australi...

[2] https://www.abs.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/net-overs...

[3] https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/stati...

Are pathways to citizenship exactly the same for the UK and New Zealand as they are for other countries?

> In Australia, 29.1% of residents (ie, citizens or permanent residents)

Being a citizen is not the same as being a permanent resident.

Exactly. "Resident" is either a citizens or a permanent resident.

This is why I also gave the numbers for number of new citizens vs new new migration. We can see from that that roughly 97.5% of permanent residents become citizens.

Looking at the data, take India for example. >700,000 migrants but only 30,000 new citizens?

I’m not sure.

In 2018, 36000 people gained citizenship, and the population was about 5 million. Hard to say how the numbers stack up as it is an integral over lifetimes and some people won’t stay. Also some people will just obtain residency and stick with that. I don’t think seasonal workers would be classified as immigrants.

https://www.dia.govt.nz/Services-Citizenship-Citizenship-Sta...

Thanks. And certainly we can dive into a lot of the factors for items like “decided to not stay” etc.