If a certificate was detected to be mis-issued after the fact, it may need to be revoked. And in fact many certificates may need to be revoked. This has happened to Let's Encrypt a few times already, and was the main motivation for this API. Some existing systems like the Caddy server use OCSP to detect if a cert is revoked and can renew immediately, but ARI allows allows a certificate to be reissued before the old one is revoked.

There are other related things that aren't specifically revocation: For example, certificates contain embedded Certificate Transparency timestamps from CT logs. If one or more of those logs fail, we might want to reissue those certificates before browsers distrust the logs.

(I work for Let's Encrypt)