Saying that the Fed can arbitrarily create and destroy money misses the point, that they then have to buy SOMETHING with those money, and there are strict rules about what they can buy, and it just happens that the Treasury controls the supply of the primary asset class that the Fed is allowed to buy. Once you clear out all the dance and ceremony, you arrive at the conclusion that the Treasury issues new money by issuing new securities.
That's true, simply because they're the most convenient way to manipulate the monetary supply. Not much else is readily available in the volumes needed.
But they are not _essential_.
> Saying that the Fed can arbitrarily create and destroy money misses the point, that they then have to buy SOMETHING with those money, and there are strict rules about what they can buy
Sure, the invariant: "money goes out, asset goes in" holds.
But they can buy quite a lot of different securities if needed. E.g. the Fed directly bought about $3T of MBS: https://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/programs-archive/large-sc...
There is ONE special actor (in the US) that can create money out of the thin air: the Federal Reserve.
It alone can "buy" securities by crediting banks with money created out of nothing. Banks simply see a transaction with a dollar amount on their accounts within the Federal Reserve, and that's it. The money just appears.
The invariant "money can't be created or destroyed" holds for everybody else, including individual banks.
> The answer is national debt.
That's completely incorrect. The Federal Reserve can arbitrarily create (or destroy) money even if the national debt goes away entirely.