I can definitely see the first sentence, alone, serving as an extra credit question on a high schooler's English test: Diagram this sentence!
But that's a high schooler from my era (first half of the 90s). Much less seems to be expected of today's high schoolers.
Subject: "A throng of bearded men"
Things which gild the subject: ", in sad-colored garments, and gray, steeple-crowned hats"
Additions to the subject: ", intermixed with women, some wearing hoods and others bareheaded"
Verb: ", was assembled"
Object: "in front of a wooden edifice"
Things which gild the object: ", the door of which was heavily timbered with oak, and studded with iron spikes."
And I think the "was heavily timbered" would be a verb if this long sentence had been broken up into two sentences.
So basically I recall that English is typically an SVO language. And other than "verb", I have no idea what these things are called. Maybe "in front of" is an adverb? And the gilding is mostly adjectives (and noun-adjective combos)?
How'd I do?
For my part, I've never once in my academic career had to explicitly identify sentence parts.