For ad hoc data entry and random edits, I don't see how you're going to do better than pretty much any database GUI tool. You're just pulling up a table and locating and editing some rows, right?

There is an "in between" focused on structured data entry using forms (rather than tables), which used to be Microsoft Access (and Claris FileMaker), but these days is the realm of Airtable and Google Tables. But that's not ad hoc or random, you still have to build your forms and specify your validation rules and all. And they're more just about storing and retrieving records for small organizations, they don't support SQL directly.