It's a research paper on something called a preprint platform. It's a place almost anything fitting can be put for free - to share work before it goes through the arduous process of getting it published (side rant about publishing not meaning publishing goes here). Cornell run/host arxiv, but aren't doing heavy moderation of content (journals should check much more, arxiv will be checking more for spam/non researchy stuff).

It's a bit of work between three authors, all affiliated with Microsoft and one who is also affiliated with the University of California San Diego.