Yeah, Emacs also lets you do that! You can achieve similar workflows via tmux or a tiling window manager as well. It's my favorite way to work! For whatever reason I've never gone down the tiling WM rabbit hole, but I use this kind of thing in Emacs and tmux all the time.
One editor that does support it, is kakoune. I forgot about it when writing my previous comment. Each instance can connect to a server, so they can all share registers/buffers/etc. Then you can use tmux or your window manager to create the layout you want.
It's very clever, I actually think it's superior to vim, as you aren't limited to organizing your views inside a single vim "main" window. You could do stuff like kak | browser | kak, and both kak instances share everything.
Unfortunately I can't get used to the kak commands so I'll probably never change. Perhaps neovim will one day implement something similar.
Vim has been my only code editor for the past 10+ years and I wish I used tabs a little better (ie, the way you describe). As it stands I have some plugins that open in a tab so they are easy to close (like gv.vim) and otherwise use my tabline as a secondary status line (it tells me my working directory and if I'm tracking a session or not).
Tabs are an organized collection of windows, and you can quickly switch between them. I might organize my windows so half the screen is one buffer and on the other half, is split 3 times horizontally. Then I edit some code and realize I need to edit some other part of the codebase. I make a new tab instead of changing buffer, so I can go back to the view I setup already without having to recreate it.
Tabs are the true power of vim, I don't have that functionality in any other editor (apart from Emacs?) and I miss it constantly. Buffers aren't really a novel concept, they work the same in VS code and JetBrains IDEs.