So excluding China from the ISS ultimately worked to expand the overall reach of humanity into space. I would predict the exact same will happen in various other venues, from semiconductors to movies. Necessity is the mother of invention, and globalism minimizes necessity. Minimizing necessity is good from a comfort/stability point of view, but not necessarily good from a progress point of view.
Another great example would be the space race. If the US and USSR had been on friendly and positive terms, it's extremely likely that the space race (which was not only a cultural battle, but a weaponization proxy) would not have happened. In other words if we'd been a more global society in the past, it's very possible man would yet to walk on the moon.
Globalization doesn't necessarily make people lazy, but it does reduce some competitive technology pressures that get concerning after a while. Ironically, now that there's a pseudo cold war with China and a war in Ukraine there's lots of tech news about new defense tech. Given the Chinese space station (which I applaud them for, seriously space is hard and what they did is genuinely cool and innovative), hopefully we get another space race.
But, most countries did not have vast trade --economies were local and regional. So, yes, humanity can survive and even prosper without "globalization" but progress may be slowed and progress may be less uniform, among other things.