What is so difficult about the concept of a memory address? Is it the C syntax? Asking because I personally have never struggled with this.

That's the problem! I can't tell you what is difficult because it seems so incredibly obvious to me now.

When I was ~12, I had a lot of trouble with it, and the only thing I remember from those times is various attempts to figure out why the compiler wouldn't let me assign a string value to an array. What the hell is an "lvalue", Mr. Compiler?

Now I look at the assignment command above and I recoil in horror, but for some reason at the time it seemed very confusing to me, especially since `char *str; str = "abcd";` works so well. The different between the two (as far as intention goes) is vast in retrospect, but for some reason I had trouble with it at the time.

The pointer/array confusion in C makes this way harder to understand than it has to be. The other thing is the syntax, which is too clever and too hard to parse in your head for complex expressions. Both of these things also tend to not be explained very well to beginners, probably partly due to the fact that explaining it in detail is complex and would perhaps go over the beginner's head. It's also stupid, so you'd probably have to explain how it turned out to be this complex.

> Is it the C syntax?

Pretty sure that this is a big factor, I’m not aware of any recent languages that put type information before and after the variable name. Nowadays there’s always a clear distinction between the variable name and the type annotation.

When I've had to explain it, I describe memory as a street with house numbers (which are memory addresses).

A house can store either people, or another house number (for some other address).

If you use a person as a house number, it will inflict grievous harm upon that person. If you use a house number as a person, it will blow up some random houses. Very little in the language stops you from doing this, so you have to be careful not to confuse them.

Then I describe what an MMU does with a TLB, at which point the eyes glaze over.

From my memory, the syntax of pointers really tripped me up. E.g., the difference between * and & in declaration vs dereferencing. I think this is especially confusing for beginners when you add array declarations to the mix.

Agreed. Complex declarations (e.g., array of pointers to functions) are non-intuitive:

http://www.ericgiguere.com/articles/reading-c-declarations.h...

https://cdecl.org/

I learned this from the book Expert C Programming by Peter van der Linden.

I don't remember C using & in declarations. Is it a recent addition?

For this example:

   char str[256]; str = "asdf"

both str and "asdf" are not pointer-type expressions; they're both arrays (which is exposed by sizeof). The reason why this doesn't work is because C refuses to treat arrays as first-class value types - which is not an obvious thing to do regardless of how well you understand pointers or not. Other languages with arrays and pointers generally haven't made this mistake.