The compiler could do those things too (-Wsign-compare is a thing; nothing for signed index though), but that won't change the existing code that uses "for (int ..." (incl. 637K C source files on github), and those warnings could be false positives too (e.g. signed indexes into lookup tables, or keeping using an int32_t after having asserted somewhere before (possibly out of the compiler's vision) that it's non-negative).
Edit: previously assumed len was wrong too, but on rereading, you were implying len was already the correct type, and only i was wrong.
(Also, the word "variable" is significant; IIRC something like 5+bytecode_next_char promotes to int, but can't actually be negative[1] so shouldn't generate a warning.)
1: Assuming the compiler is configured correctly, ie char is unsigned.