Various opinions on the matter are documented, but that is not the same of documenting what is objectively true in base level reality.

There is an old and sophisticated discipline that studies this phenomenon that unfortunately does not get much attention these days for some reason:

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/

There is also things like this:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mockingbird

https://theintercept.com/2022/10/31/social-media-disinformat...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism_(psychology...