affine, not linear. describes a line that doesn't go through the origin. that pesky shift breaks linearity

5(2z) + 2 != 2(5z + 2)

All of linear algebra is based on linear functions. Of course that doesn't mean that you can't study affine functions with it, but it adds a layer of extra complication.

For example, linear functions over finite dimensional vector spaces can be represented with matrices which means that everything you can compute about matrices you can also compute about linear functions.

This is confusing terminology. Functions of the form ax+b are often called “linear”, but they're only linear in the general sense if b=0.