For comparison - UK/mathematics, I went into research on day one, my supervisor set me an 'easy' problem straight off the bat, and I learned on the job. A couple of extra research problems came up naturally during my PhD. Had a paper submitted by end of year 1, was ready to write-up my thesis by end of year 3. I had some teaching responsibilities, but nothing heavy like running a course. Not saying it always goes this smoothly, but I rarely felt like I wasn't moving towards the end goal. +1 to 'forget about becoming a professor though/pay is terrible' though!