Well of course, more complex applications are going to have more complex state. Rails does a lot more than most web frameworks, so it has a lot of extra state to keep track of. This doesn't make it any less a function, it's now just a function that takes in the internal state (including the db contents) as an input. That's exactly what the article describes.

> just a function that takes in the internal state (including the db contents) as an input

No Rails (or other) app has a function like this where the entire contents of the DB are passed in as a parameter.

And you can't handwave complex internal state as simply another parameter to a function because that complex state can change. That makes the function no longer solely dependent on the parameters passed in. Its behavior is dependent on the parameters passed in plus any changes made by other processes to the complex internal state.

Maybe I've been spending too much time with the state monad, but that still sounds like a function to me. The fact that the DB contents get passed in implicitly as part of the context of a Rails app does not change that.

There's a difference between a "function" that uses implicit contextual state and one that doesn't. We can call it a function with implicit context or we can call it an object or a service or a process. It doesn't really matter as long as we have some way of talking about it. Those other words have been in common use for a long time so it's probably more convenient to use them.

That's exactly my point.

Sure, it is possible to model these things as functions, for example by "passing" the entire world as a "parameter". However, it is an extremely contrived modelling, basically you're hammering the square problem domain into the round function hole with the biggest hammer you can find until it "fits".

It is also possible to model these things as Turing machines, or NAND gates...

The "app-as-function" has some very concrete applications though, even outside languages like Haskell. The [rack-test](https://github.com/rack/rack-test) gem (and similar languages) work exactly like this: they run the "app" part without the "web server" part to enable much easier testing. Rack middlewares similarly treat the enclosed app as just a function taking some specified input and returning some output value.