Note that the way you write this is the best way to form closures in Python: form them inside a function with the closure variables as function parameters. This forces the closure to capture the current value of the closure variables when the closure is formed. Note that you could put the calls to the _loop function in a for loop and things would still work:

    >>> functions = []
    >>> def _loop(i):
    ...     functions.append(lambda: print(f"Hello {i}"))
    ...
    >>> for i in range(10):
    ...     _loop(i)
    ...
    >>> for f in functions:
    ...     f()
    ...
    Hello 0
    Hello 1
    Hello 2
    Hello 3
    Hello 4
    Hello 5
    Hello 6
    Hello 7
    Hello 8
    Hello 9

> lexical scoping, where the variables are bound to the block they were declared in

In Python that would only work if a "block" included comprehensions. For example:

    >>> functions = [lambda: print(f"Hello {i}") for i in range(10)]
    >>> for f in functions:
    ...     f()
    ...
    Hello 9
    Hello 9
    Hello 9
    Hello 9
    Hello 9
    Hello 9
    Hello 9
    Hello 9
    Hello 9
    Hello 9

You could fix this by defining a _loop function as above and forming the closure inside it; but changing variable scoping to be lexical in "blocks" wouldn't fix this case unless the list comprehension itself counted as a "block", which is not how Python defines blocks.

Wow. When I saw the original for-loop example I was like "ok not a huge deal, doesn't surprise me too much really". But rewritten in the comprehension form I'm like wtf

Well put. I too prefer the reasonability of lexical scoping. Although I must confess I am not well versed enough to quite grasp how what Python does _isn't_ conforming to lexical scope.

Since I was confused I did some internet searching and found this:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51604346/does-python-sco...

Which I think suggests the thing you are finding confusing isn't lexical scoping in Python, but rather the environment mutability.

Ultimately, I think I better understand what you are highlighting and can't say I entirely disagree. I just personally find how it is today ergonomic, but that could also just be bias as I am fairly comfortable in Python (warts and all).

I woudl say taht Python has scoping, yes, but it does not have lexical scoping in any sense of "lexical scoping" that I am aware of. If it did, the code below would not actually work ,as the outside-the-loop print would be trying to access a variable not available in the lexical scope of "the function body", as it is defined and established within the lexical scope of "the loop".

So, at least in my book, no, Python has "global scope", "function scope" and probably one or two more scopes (I think there's a "class scope" as well).

Here's some code in Python, and some equivalent code in Go.

    def foo(a_list):
        print(f"list is {len(a_list} elements")

        for element in a_list:
            print(element)
        print(element)

And here's the equivalent Go code:

    func foo(aList []int) { // Let's use ints...
        fmt.Printf("list is %d elements\n", len(aList))
        var element int // Notice this declaration! This is ensuring that element is declared outside the lexical scope of the for loop
        for _, element = range aList {
            fmt.Println(element)
        }
        fmt.Println(element)
    }

I think you are confusing type of scoping (lexical/static, dynamic) with scoping levels.

Python has lexical scoping, but it does _not_ have block level scoping.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)#Block...

Which, now that I have done enough reading I think crystallizes the confusing thing for others being highlighted here (for me). Depending on preference, the lack of block scoping can be surprising for someone. Which also explains my bias, I started with Python which probably plays a large part in why I find function level scoping without block scoping ergonomic.