"ongehoorzaamheid" means disobedience. Even in the context of raising children it seems pretty unfashionable nowadays. It has the air of authoritarianism that in my experience modern Dutch parents try to avoid. I wouldn't consider it acceptable in the context of employment relationships (except perhaps in military positions).

Then it is a correct translation, as that is what insubordination means.

Yes, a friend raised concerns about his health versus company mandates / peer pressure in an emotional and kind of irritating way and the company Terminated him for that. Still finding out if he’s eligible for unemployment in the US state he lives. Specifically, he wrote that the company’s only option was “not up to his standards” and the Executive who fired him cited that as a reason, because how could an individual possibly have higher standards than him and the company? Hint: it’s not hard because they are malicious hillbillies.