The problems should be obvious looking at tech or industry-by-industry headlines, or they should become more obvious over time as that research is covered.
The ones solving the problems are less obvious but the first step is always distinguishing between "solving" and "solved" which will help eliminate common emotional excesses of the critic archetype.
A lot of people mix up those two, but also a lot of people who do that are trying too hard to be Simon Cowell. Or a mix between Simon Cowell and Warren Buffett. They want to hold the bar, be the bar, set the bar. They mix intrinsic and extrinsic solution value and usually focus too much on the former.
It can be risky to your sanity to name specific companies unless you know the asker is above this behavior, and they should always specify whether they believe that meaningfully huge problems have been solved at a corporate level in the past.
What are some examples?