And, to be clear, even though P4 was a disaster, Intel was STILL the market leader everywhere. They responded with the Core line only after years of AMD eating their lunch with the Athlon, Athlon 64, and Athlon XP line.

Thunderbird was released in 1999 and from there to the Core 2 Duo release in 2006, AMD was the performance leader (certainly at a huge discount compared to intel offerings).