I think you might be able to do something like this with LibreOffice Writer using Smart Tags. It's also possible the tag data is exported with HTML. But I haven't tried it.

Personally I think I'd go straight to CKEditor and things like span tags, as 1) you can effectively tag words with metadata, 2) you can process it however you'd like, and 3) it's simple to add your own buttons or plugins for additional conveniences.

Using a CMS and basic web tooling you could build a simple version of what you're looking for pretty fast I'd guess.