You make good points but you forgot to factor in the 2 hours early that you need to show up at the airport. Getting on and off a train can take only minutes.

I've only ridden Amtrak once but I guess there are also security requirements that do take some time also (as opposed to most European countries).

I've also experienced lots of unexpected delays on flights whereas trains seem to be exceptionally on time (especially in a country like Germany). You're also assuming a direct flight also (though this is probably more related to cost which is another issue).

All in all, a coast to coast journey that takes 12 hours vs. 7 doesn't seem so bad if:

- I can spend maybe 8 of it sleeping in a bed - The difference is 5 hours - I can eat some real meals in a dining car - I can walk around reasonably

>I've only ridden Amtrak once but I guess there are also security requirements that do take some time also (as opposed to most European countries).

Not in my experience. You show up at the station and walk onto the train. Dread that changing one of these days based on some incident.

I semi-recently (two years ago) did an Amtrak trip from DC to LA and there was 0 security. I got there early because I didn't want to miss a leg of a 3 day train trip but there was no need.

A ten+ years ago they began demanding ID in our parts.

I’m visiting Peru soon. People choose to take day-long bus rides rather than a <2h flight getting from Lima to Cusco. I find it hard to believe that a train wouldn’t have at least some interest for budget travelers or people who value time less than most of us here

I live in Peru. There actually are incredibly expensive trains connecting Cusco/Puno/Arequipa. No one really uses them.

The problem is the terrain doesn't lend itself to trains at all without a super expensive investment, and the population of Peru is spread out so much once you leave Lima.

Flights in general are terrible in Latin America in terms of cost which is why the bus is popular. More so international but even domestic is pricey for the quality and distance. Plus stopping in Paracas/Nazca/Arequipa makes the bus a good way to cheaply hit those spots. Flying back to the start is a good move though

Any idea on why flights are so expensive there? I felt the same way traveling in Africa where it was around the same cost to fly back to any major EU capital as it was to go to any other major destination in Africa even when relatively close (e.g. Doula to Lagos) and I'm just wondering if there's some dynamic at play given you can get super cheap flights in Europe and somewhat in the U.S.

Africa seems even next level in terms of price.

I think lack of competition is a big problem. There aren't a ton of major airlines here. The population is also pretty spread out compared to Asia/Europe.

Domestic is usually okay. I just recently flew to the edge of Peru to visit Bolivia by land because it saved enough money to justify the extra time.

Interesting, thinking about it more I wonder if part of it is also that airline companies are one of the easier things to tax too? Many African govs have a tough time taxing local citizens and businesses, but companies, often major ones that are probably multinational and have to strictly follow laws and have major assets that can be seized are likely a better target for high taxation (what are you going to do, not land at the one airport in the city?). Between that and a lack of competition, I bet that explains a good portion of it.

If you also take into account the time you spend at an airport and the possible slowdown from the wind (900km/h is airspeed) while having a theoretical but technically feasible 450km/h high speed train as well as the time it takes to go to and from airports (you can put train stations downtown and near public transport) you can actually achieve parity in most situations, or near parity in others

Also, night trains.

Who cares if it takes 8 to 12 hours if you board the train, have dinner there, sleep a good night and have breakfast before arriving.

I've taken night trains and have liked them. But for a lot of business setting people would rather take an early morning flight than lose a night with family.

I'd say the cut off time is more like four hours, with the delays incurred by airport security and the fact that airports are huge and therefore more likely to be located further out from city centres.

In France they closed flights up to 500km competing with TGV. 500km is less than 2h in TGV, you show up 5mim before departure, you have no annoying security check and stupid questions asked, and you arrive in city center. Planes cannot compete with this offer.

Even more since SNCF launched their low cost TGV (Ouigo).

Sure, but building a rail network that is able to compete with four hours of flight is orders of magnitude more expensive than building out decent HSR between major clusters of larger cities (e.g. California HSR).

What about the west coast? Sf to sj? Sf to los angeles? Sf to san diego? Or seattle?