Sure it's possible, we need to await for the Task if it already exists on the dictionary, for example we could imagine writing something like this inside an actor to make it threadSafe.

    private var tasksDictionary: Dictionary<String, Task<Data, Error>>

    func getData(at urlString: String) async throws -> Data {
        if let currentTask = tasksDictionary[urlString] {
            return await currentTask.value
        }
        let currentTask = Task { 
           return try await URLSession.shared.data(from: URL(string:urlString)!) 
        }
        tasksDictionary[urlString] = currentTask
        let result = await currentTask.value
        tasksDictionary[urlString] = nil
        return result
    }