> A particular example of where capitonyms are prominent is in terminology relating to philosophy, [...]. Capitalized words are often used to differentiate a philosophical concept from how the concept is referred to in everyday life, [...]

In other words, capitalizing "Identity" or "Other" just means that the word has a specific meaning in this particular text, and the dictionary definition may be unreliable.

"The Other" is often capitalized.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_(philosophy)

I'll also just note that, for the tech-minded folks, some of these philosophical concepts have surprising relevance to applications in machine learning & AI, especially these days. Epistemology was a purely philosophical topic until machine learning researchers stumbled around trying to reinvent it.