3Dsecure helps against criminals try to use the card and makes it harder for customers flag a transaction if they have provided the authorization code. It helps, but does not prevent chargebacks. If you are selling digital goods, a malicious customer could, e.g, make the payment, access the download page of the product and then file a chargeback saying the received product does not match what was advertised.

That’s covered by the right of withdrawal, and is handled between the customer and merchant. But they cannot chargeback but can get a refund.

The idea that crypto solves fraud is laughable, particularly when so much fraud is facilitated by it.

Many digital merchants in the EU have a rights waiver box to eliminate this kind of opportunism.

There is a whole other world of people who do not live in the EU.