Rust does prevent data races (as in multiple threads writing to the same memory location is explicitly forbidden by the borrow checker), but it doesn’t prevent race conditions, which is a more general family of concurrency bugs.

In short, the borrow checker allows a single owner at all times, or it allows references to the object, abiding these rules: it may have any number of read-only references (they are safe to share), OR a single read-write reference.