Bartok also did this in his Mikrokosmos - I used them to relearn piano and it was very entertaining to (re-)'learn' piano solely though modernish/Hungarianish music. I wouldn't personally have wanted it for my first attempt at learning piano, but as someone experienced already, it was pretty great!

Bela Bartok! What an interesting human!

The well tempered clavier, which is an extremely popular piano suite, was written as practice material for his students (there’s a piece in every key).