I recently got the implant pitch from my dentist, and we’re already dipping our toes into that. When you extract a molar, they fill the hole with “bone chips” that the bone cells expand into. This not only speeds up the healing process, it augments it. You get a stronger (less weak, really) jaw with it than just letting nature take its course. That material can be sterilized cow, or human bone, but they are also moving to a synthetic material. I’m not sure if that’s 3D printed or fired like aerogel. Seems like it could be either.

Right now it sounds they use small pieces and just pack them into the channels like pebbles, I suspect we could tailor the grafts to the hole, improving the outcomes incrementally. For instance, printing a convex wrap on the post of the implant that can slide into the hole and fill most of it (we know bones only need proximity not contact in order to repair. This is a nasty trick they use to make people with dwarfism taller, by breaking the leg bones and then not letting them fuse, causing the gap to fill up with new bone).