Car registration effectively works this way in a lot of places, with age and value being a substantial factor to registration fees. The idea being that the rich guy driving a brand new Audi every couple years pays a lot more for his license plate than the person driving a 20yo Corolla.

I guess they could read the plate and charge a toll based on the car, and in no-stop tollways that already rely on plate scanners or transponders, it’d not be that hard to enforce.