Michael Crichton, MD, and author of Jurassic Park (any many others) wrote a book about the state of the art of medicine in the 1960's called "Five Patients". Each patient was a case study for some particular aspect of modern medicine. Through that lends, Crichton examined the costs of the hospital and noted that they were growing well beyond inflation 50 years ago and assumed that the obvious fix was a single payer system to manage costs.