> imagine WhatsApp was written and maintained by an individual? Would we be so keen to use terms like "force"? This is all negative in the freedom dimension.

These rules only apply to platforms with a market cap of over €75 billion or European Economic Area turnover of over €7.5 billion.[0] No one is proposing that we require single developers work with Apple and Facebook to make their apps interoperable.

[0] https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-digital-markets-act-adop...