And so, if you google-scholar (not google) for "online advertising incrementality", you are left with (granted, excellent) work that shows that nothing has been proven yet and that it is a very hard problem [1].
And when customers of Google, Facebook and other ad tech companies ask them about incrementality, their answer is surprisingly quiet.
[1] https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3447548.3470819
PS: I don't make any hyped claim that ads don't work. I question this fact in a constructive way.
Proving specific incrementality is rarely a concern from actual customers, unless they wanted to tighten their purse strings. Nobody questioned if actual incremental gains could be made - only whether there are diminishing returns for their increased spend.