I learned FORTRAN (at a very beginning level) in a high school class. Then I learned BASIC from the TRS80 BASIC manual. Then I learned Pascal from a book. Then I learned C from K&R. Then I got a break - I got a job as a C programmer. I got some mentoring from some more experienced programmers. Eventually I learned C++ from Stroustrup. I learned Java from a book, though I don't remember which one. I learned Perl from the Camel book.

What I know of the CS fundamentals I've just kind of picked up on the way. Big O? I learned what I needed from a paper. (I don't analyze algorithms for Google or anything. If I did, I'd need a lot more.)

In real life, very few jobs need you to know "CS fundamentals". They need you to know software engineering - writing code that works, good taste in design, discipline in handling errors, testing, communicating technical matters well. It's worthwhile to know what the CS fundamentals are, but it's OK to learn the details when you need them.