Do you happen to know something about the graal python implementation? Based on other comments here, the often used C FFI can also hinder the work of Python implementations, and the graal project solves it by JIT compiling C code as well (from llvm ir)

From what I’ve seen last time I heard about graal python is that it is seldom faster than the pypy approach (AST-based vs tracing JIT), even though in case of TruffleRuby and TruffleJS it is insanely fast compared to the maturity of the projects.

Is your mentioned example of stack frame inspection make it map much worse to Java primitives (which happens behind the scenes of the truffle languages)?