So the answer I have isn't exactly what you're looking for, which I think is an algorithmic/machine learning architecture that can transfer concepts found in problems.

Just wanted to share for anyone interested that there is in depth research and theory developed in cognitive science concerning the way people use what the field calls conceptual blending to make sense of unfamiliar subjects with familiar concepts. Maybe it's worth taking inspiration from!

Research study observing the effectiveness of this ability in humans (pdf):

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/2533...

Book on the wider subject:

https://www.amazon.com/Way-We-Think-Conceptual-Complexities/...