At the Federal level, it is more useful to talk about net taxes of all types. That is, taxes of all types paid to the Federal government (income, excise, payroll/social, etc) after subtracting all transfers and distributions to the taxpayer. This is a more accurate accounting of the situation. It paints a slightly different picture, but not that different.

It turns out that only about 20% of taxpayers send more money to the government than they receive in aggregate across all forms of taxation and transfers. Another 20% of taxpayers roughly pay their own way, providing about as much tax revenue as they receive in transfers. 60% of taxpayers receive more in transfer payments and other distributions than they pay in taxes (not that surprising with things like Social Security).

tl;dr: across all Federal taxes and transfer payments taken as net, 20% of taxpayers are paying taxes that are transferred to 60% of taxpayers.

Individual States have diverse taxation structures, so the net taxpayer statistics likely vary widely.