Those other things you mention are confusing to me, gvisor and KVM are mostly orthogonal to container management. And FreeBSD jails don't work on Linux.
Google Cloud uses gvisor for their K8s offering; AWS and Fly.io use firecracker for their container offerings.
Cgroups in v2 can be delegated easily and cleanly. As well as namespaced. Systemd or no systemd. Systemd just makes your life harder if you want to do rootless containers without integrating with them.
IIRC the GP comment was asking about NixOS, not Nix. If you have everything already going through managed K8s or firecracker then I don't understand what you are using NixOS for. You could just install Nix on some other distribution that uses whatever init/container setup you want.
"Cgroups in v2 can be delegated easily and cleanly. As well as namespaced."
Right but none of those other things that were mentioned support cgroups delegation at an OS service level, only systemd does. Unless they have added this recently and I missed it. And if you're just using this to run a hypervisor then you're bypassing all that completely.
I don't see what you mean systemd makes it harder, you have to do basically the same process in any container manager if you want delegation. This is part of the design of cgroupsv2, it's not something systemd came up with. I'm sorry if I'm asking stupid questions but I honestly am really confused what your use case is, and your explanations are just making me more confused, so maybe something got lost here.
Delegating a cgroups doesn't take systemd, by the way. You can do it with mkdir().
Systemd puts user processes in a part of the cgroups tree where they can't work freely, by default. You have to use a systemd unit or the dbus api to break out of that box. That is a design decision on system's part. If I was putting user processes in cgroups, I would give them space to work amongst themselves.
AFAIK you actually should not be using mkdir, because it is racy to have more than one process writing to the toplevel hierarchy. It's only safe to do that from the cgroup manager. That's what I've seen with all the existing implementations anyway.
"Systemd puts user processes in a part of the cgroups tree where they can't work freely, by default. You have to use a systemd unit or the dbus api to break out of that box. That is a design decision on system's part."
It's a design decision that was made because of cgroupsv2. You should really read systemd's documentation on this if you haven't, it describes in detail why this is. https://systemd.io/CGROUP_DELEGATION/
Edit: and also the kernel documentation on delegation. https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/cgroup-v2...
In particular, any other container manager that wants delegation needs to do this same thing using a similar mechanism that you initiate by configuring it somehow. (It doesn't have to be a unit file or dbus call obviously.) Processes cannot just freely break out of their cgroup, that wouldn't be secure. Sorry if you know all this already, maybe a reader doesn't. Or maybe this is helpful to you if you want to add this to startup, I don't know.
"If I was putting user processes in cgroups, I would give them space to work amongst themselves. "
Ok now you lost me again... is this not exactly the purpose of cgroup delegation?
Source? And define top level hierarchy? The top level isn't really special.
This is why locks exist btw.
I'm not convinced you have to manage cgroups from one process. That is not how most implementations do it.
>Processes cannot just freely break out of their cgroup, that wouldn't be secure.
Processes can freely migrate ("break out" if you insist on that terminology) if they have write access to one level above them in the tree. Systemd does not put you in that situation, but it could.
E.g. if you are in /user/<uid> you have nowhere to go, but if your are in /user/<uid>/default you can go to /user/<uid>/<container_runtime>/<unique_container_id>/default.
"Because the resource control interface files in a given directory control the distribution of the parent’s resources, the delegatee shouldn’t be allowed to write to them."
You could add locking but that would be basically doing what systemd/docker/runc does and adding a new API on top of it which is then available through D-Bus or whatever. The top-level hierarchy is the top of any cgroup tree, if you have two processes writing to that without synchronization then they will potentially stomp over each other's values. You technically can go and run "sudo mkdir" inside your docker's toplevel cgroup but that would probably break things.
"if they have write access to one level above them in the tree. Systemd does not put you in that situation, but it could."
Well it does do that if you turn on delegation by giving you your own sub-tree, it doesn't do it by default because most services are not container managers and don't need an additional sub-tree. If you don't do that then write access is not allowed by the cgroups API, see above. It would not really make sense to allow a child process to say "I am going to take 100% of the cpu controller now and you get none sorry", that would defeat the purpose of cgroups.