1. Mind/body dualism also arose in pagan Greece (Plato being the clearest example).
2. When most people think of dualism today, they are thinking of Cartesian dualism where the mind and body have a very tenuous connection indeed. But that is a relatively recent idea. Within the Christian tradition, something like Hylemorphic dualism[1], which maintains a very tight connection between mind and body, long predated it. (Probably due in part to belief in the Resurrection of the Body.)
[1] http://www.reading.ac.uk/AcaDepts/ld/Philos/dso/papers/Hylem...
Historically, the idea was present in Greece, certainly in the writings of Plato, before Christianity. The ancient Hebraic idea, reflected in early Christian writings, was much more that the mind and body were intimately linked. But Platonic dualism taking over in Christianity is an example of one meme outcompeting another.
The brain upload hypothesis seems a bit naive. I could see a synthetic body hypothesis. Imagine if we could reproduce all these organs via some method and move the brain or the head to a new host. But turning this stuff into software? Very implausible
Longevity research is probably the way to go. I imagine that's the first baby step in creating synthetic hosts anyway.
How much consciousness is in the physical body, and not just the brain but the rest of the body? Do we really know?