What you describe are existential types, a feature that every statically-typed language with parametric polymorphism has, either through some explicit syntactic feature (Rust traits, Haskell type classes, ML modules), or even without, as from basic logic and the Curry–Howard correspondence you can always encode an existential using universals.

         ∃a.P(a)
    ----------------- Remove-Exist
    ∀b.(∀a. P(a)→b)→b

Some static languages had existentials even before they got parametric polymorphism (Go interfaces). This is why we could do so much in Go without generics!

Yeah that's traditional subtyping, not a dynamic language thing at all.

Rust traits are not subtyping, Rust's type system is principal (although with subtyping you could achieve the same thing as described by the OP, e.g. in C++, C#, etc, which only have subtyping but no existentials exposed as a syntactic feature).

The only reason trait objects aren't subtyping is that impl trait is not a first class type in Rust. They behave like subtyping in this context.