This[0] may be a good place to start, but I'm not sure if it contains proper examples of what you say (of serious collapse). E.g., I expect a lot of people probably relied on the false result mentioned by Matheus, but most of them could probably be repaired with the corrected statement. So it seems like this probably hasn't happened?

OTOH, there was the Italian school of algebraic geometry, but that was more than one single flaw...

[0] https://mathoverflow.net/questions/35468/widely-accepted-mat...