As far as I understand it, this kind of asynchronous callback based I/O was a hallmark of VMS's IO subsystem (1st release 1977...); and Unix's "get a byte, get a byte, get a byte byte byte" model was a major criticism that the VMS folks had about it.

https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/14150/how...

So, no, I don't think you need to jump all the way to microkernel/message-passing (like Fuchsia) to get this kind of model.