Their own mobile OS and hardware?
Their own social networking app?
Lots of countries have their own social networking apps. Some have their own search engines.
Also, quite a few countries have strong computer science schools and developers.
Linux was developed in Finland. Raspberry PI was developed in England.
“Big tech” isn’t preventing them from developing anything. The only thing holding these countries back is their business culture.
I'd say that Linux kernel was developed by an international network of hackers with a Finnish leader, and benefited a lot from GNU userland. If you want more Finnish operating system, try Jolla. There was a lot of Finnish contribution to Series 60 too, but it's kind of awful.
Linus did quite a bit before the network of hackers joined in. But I don’t disagree with you. My main point is that the US, and big American tech companies don’t have a monopoly on talent.
That matches my experience. It concurs with the statement I made elsewhere in this thread that what is holding Europe back is its business culture, not some kind of American Colonialism.
There is literally evidence for this. It’s only a business culture that doesn’t celebrate and reward engineering that holds Europe back.
I think that’s a terrible term for it unless you think that America is somehow responsible for preventing Europe from developing its own tech industries.