Just as assembly gives as close to a "bare metal" view of hardware as many of us will ever come, languages like Haskell and Lisp give a "bare metal" view of CS theory.
I accidentally stumbled onto Haskell in my masters course. On the first day at university I attended a trial class of functional programming[1] course and instantly liked the way professor taught. However, I didn't take the course then and forgot all about it. The next semester I took compilers course and approached that professor for my masters thesis. During a meeting he gave me couple of options one of which was in functional programming domain. This time I took the plunge and went all in. Took the FP course and the professor who taught FP became my thesis advisor. The next two years were the most intense and intellectually satisfying years of my life. Not only did I learn Haskell but also built a compiler for it. I still get goosebumps remembering the rollercoaster ride I had in those two years.
During all that, the book by SPJ [2] became my constant companion. The book was actually out of print but my advisor had a book that was signed by SPJ himself :-). And I promptly photocopied it so I have it with me even to this day.
Suffice to say Haskell, lambda calculus along with SPJ and my advisor have had a lasting (and continue to) influence my life.
[1] https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~as/fpcourse/fpcourse.html
[2] https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/...
Dan Grossman has a great set of courses on Coursera, and a good number of resources are in those discussion boards.
For practice; I highly recommend learning Haskell. If you are new to functional programming then learning Haskell is challenging and frustrating but as with any new topic the key is to not give up but keep probing. A good recent development is lot of mainstream languages are beginning to include functional paradigms such as lambda, closures etc., For example Java introduced lambda expressions, Javascript has had them for a while now. But from a first-principles stand point Haskell is as good as it gets so please do learn and code in Haskell if not at work then at least side projects.
For theory I've found following material super useful.
0. This[0] is an incredibly awesome lecture where Phil Wadler takes us on a whirlwind tour of computer science. He talks us through different foundational structures on which almost everything (hardware and software) about computer science is built. I watch this lecture once every few months :-). It helps you build up context and ground various topics.
1. The one and only SICP. Book[1] and lectures[2].
2. Automata theory[3]. This isn't an easy course but gets to the heart of the matter i.e., the meaning of "function" and what how can it be mechanically "computed".
3. Category Theory is where lot of active research is happening in CS theory. This is a very good lecture series[4]. The pace may seem a bit meandering but don't be put off. Bartosz is a gifted teacher and works incredibly hard to disseminate knowledge. For evidence just look at a recent post on HN[5] about an article he published.
[0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeRVdYN6fE8
[1] https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/sicp/full-text/...
[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-J_xL4IGhJA&list=PLE18841CAB...
[3] http://ce.sharif.edu/courses/94-95/1/ce414-2/resources/root/...
[4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8LbkfSSR58&list=PLbgaMIhjbm...
Ignore this part because the one I referred to is a different person! Though they are both terrific :-)