I find this chart [1] really interesting, it first reminds me of the "dreaded" 16th century that I had read about in Fernand Braudel's books about two decades ago, and a second thing, which I hadn't realised until now, is that things were even worse in the 17th century, at least that's what the data shows.

[1] https://read.dukeupress.edu/view-large/figure/2454457/dem893...