It'd work on a smaller scale though, but then it would have to compete with traditional filters.
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/90-of-plastic-polluti...
https://factcheck.afp.com/widely-cited-study-did-not-show-95...
"It estimated that 88 to 95 percent of the plastic transported by 1,350 large rivers around the world — referred to by scientists as riverine waste — comes from only 10 rivers, all of which are in Asia and Africa. The study does not attempt to compare the plastic waste transported by rivers to the total plastic waste in seas and oceans."
There's a bunch of plastic in the ocean that didn't come from rivers - mostly industrial fishing waste.
Like, yeah, lots of industrial waste comes from developing countries where the major production centers are, mostly in Asia. But the people sharing that image should ask themselves where those products go after they're made. A huge amount of that production is for the richer Western countries, and that does make it your responsibility if you live there.
This is how industrialized countries lower their CO2 output as well: just outsource it other countries. Under the Paris Agreement, countries are only held responsible for emissions that occur within its borders. It's just another way for the greatest consumers to be able to shrug and say "not our fault".
Cleaning the water would require pumping it which has to be super expensive. Maybe a such a filter at the end of residential waste pipes might be an appropriate application.