The cliffnotes version is "plato's forms/ideas" are a first attempt at articulating what abstractions are. Progression of Math is a chain of ideas leading back to these early thoughts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics#Plat...
My first thought was about the Timaeus (geometrical structures of matter/elements), but I haven't read any treatments about Plato's theory of forms and the development of mathematics.