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Re:Bitcoin Is Time by DennisP on Tuesday March 02, 2021 @11:45AM (#26317217)
Here are the two papers on Casper:

Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget: https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.09437

Combining GHOST and Casper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052

A very simple summary is that it's a fairly traditional consensus protocol, in which if anyone breaks the rules it's possible to prove who did it and penalize them by burning their stake. It achieves scale by using aggregated signatures.

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