I have ADHD and am well-read on the subject. The passage I posted applies to both people with and without ADHD.

This is another passage from the same paper:

> As it remains unclear whether stimulant medication has the same effect on healthy individuals as for those with ADHD, it is possible that many reported effects of prescription stimulants in healthy individuals may stem from placebo effects.

If you have a citation that argues that stimulants affect people with and without ADHD differently I’d love to read it.

The passage you cited in the comment I am currently replying to doesn't say there is no difference. It says that it isn't clear either way. So right now we just have anecdotes until someone cites a study making an assertion either way.

Here's my anecdote which runs quite opposite yours: As another person with ADHD who has been prescribed a low dose of Adderall XR in the past, it's always been an unpleasant experience for me, to the extent that the prescription bottle said "as needed for academic work". It did help me focus for a few hours, although whether I focused on the important things or distractions was up to my non-medicinal coping strategies among other factors. Unfortunately, disruptive and uncomfortable side effects lasted far longer than the period of improved focus.

Nothing I just described matches my understanding of how neurotypical people enjoy Adderall as a recreational drug.I don't think I've ever once in my life actually wanted to take it or enjoyed the experience, not even on those occasions where I chose to take it (the last of which was almost a decade ago) because of the beneficial effects it was prescribed for.

Sounds like you just hadnt pushed past the physical side-effects and in to euphoric terratory...not suggesting you try. Just that I know non-adhd people who find stimulant side-effects unpleasant enough to conclude that they dont enjoy them.

Pretty poor effort response on my part, but whenever I see a claim about a drug doing anything along the lines of "balancing neurotransmitters" I think immediately that its bs. There are probably studies that confirm some people with ADHD symtoms have less dopamine or whatever, but how each of the stims result in increases of these things is simply not specific and targetted enough to make such a claim as 'balancing'.

As someone diagnosed with ADHD and taking medications for 2 years (started at age 30), but now trying to decide if it is worth it:

I believed the idea of imbalanced neurotransmitters readily, as you hear it from authoritative-sounding sources, until some reading made it clear that not only is it not true, that most serious practitioners know it is not true. I remember a talk by the author of "Mad in America" (obviously not an unbiased source) saying that when he discussed this with practitioners they said "of course we know the chemical imbalance hypothesis is not correct" and he said "well you forgot to tell the American public"... That really stuck with me.

Off topic to your comment, but germane to the thread: I keep wrestling with this, but as I move beyond just reading abstracts and summaries of the research, I have to question the idea that ADHD is easily explainable, has any single cause, or is even manageable long term with stimulants [1][2][others, but I am still reading the literature]. I am still trying to answer questions I thought were clear: Does ADHD exist in a meaningful way[3]? If so do stimulants treat it long term [4]? If so at what cost[5]? I thought these were settled questions but the more I read the less convinced I become (I know there are many studies showing different results or debating the results of studies I have linked)... I just put these thoughts out there for anyone on a similar journey. Not to undermine anyone's personal experience; I tried many meds, some helped significantly but side effects ultimately made me stop, I do not doubt people have these symptoms (I do) and that medications have an effect. Good luck to you all! I appreciate reading everyone's input.

[1]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5510202/ [2]https://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/-/media/Files/Corporate/Reports... [3]https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c547 [4]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318991/ [5]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670101/

Medications have an effect because they are drugs and drugs work. I wouldn't read much into it beyond that. Every person will have to decide if the overall results are worth whatever cost/benefit.

The idea that the drugs "cure" or "treat" is just a social construct to justify their usage.

From first hand experience, it doesn't take much to get an ADHD diagnosis, as long as you seem credible and not drug seeking. I could ask my psychiatrist for practically any drug I wanted. It does not seem like a viable long term solution for me.

Help me out with your superior Googling skills then please, as I've also tried to find evidence that for non-ADHD adults, taking ADHD medication in doses that it would have been prescribed, does something significantly different than it does to adults with ADHD. Happy to be shown I'm wrong, but my Googling skills had me coming up hands empty here.

Neurotransmitter reuptake behaves differently in ADHD and non-ADHD individuals. Medication affects the reuptake allowing the ADHD individual to function more normally. Transitioning from being a badly functioning individual to a normally functioning individual is not significant to you?

This describes some of the mechanics of certain medications, most obviously methylphenidate. Its a bit much to say it restores normal function. Theres not evidence of that. The other stimulants are also much more general and result in a cascade of effects accross multiple systems in the brain. If there is a normalizing effect it is coincidental and has not been adequetely proven. This doesnt stop drugs from being approved for use from what Ive observed. Its statistics based and less about neuroscience.

This doesn't seem at all like the

> evidence that for non-ADHD adults, taking ADHD medication in doses that it would have been prescribed, does something significantly different than it does to adults with ADHD

I was asking after.

This is not true.

> People with ADHD have been scientifically proven to have deficiencies in specific neurotransmitters, namely norepinephrine and dopamine

Please cite your specific evidence, and make sure it is not studies that do not replicate.