I don’t know if it’s ironic or not, but as someone not into mathematics, the first example is far more readable, and it’s not close.
By readable, I think you mean you get to read some whole words thereby get the impression of better readability, but in actuality it doesn't not necessarily aid comprehension if you don't know anything about taylor series, or maths in general.
I'm not saying more descriptive variable names doesn't help, but saying that you are not into mathematics makes your point moot.
I think "Go uses single letter variable names" is not so true in practice. There's a balance, in every language, between when to use short and long names. Go's balance is tilted (a good bit) more towards short, but it's not a hard rule.
There's significant mental overhead in reading `numberOfSubprotosOnProto`, as well as time hearing it in my head. I'd rather see `n` declared, used a few times in the next <10 lines, and then disappear. If there's two similar concepts in the same function, use slightly longer names, sure. Certainly not m and n.
I think that's the same reason math tends to use single letter variables. "Taylor series are easy! Just memorize: 'f_series_degree(evaluation_point, expansion_point) = sum(derivative_order=0..series_degree, (evaluation_point - expansion_point)^derivative_order * f^{derivative_order}(expansion_point) / derivative_order!)'
No thanks, I'll take f_n(x, a) = sum(i=0..n, f^n(a)(x-a)^n/n!).