"How do courts uphold this? You go to a restaurant, they say you can buy the tasting menu for $100, but they have a temp chef working that day which will cost you $50 extra, which you find out as you're paying. "

In the US you go to a hospital and basically sign a contract "you can charge me for whatever you feel like". What surprises me is that they get away with often charging for stuff that never happened. When you confront them they just say "Oops!" ad take it off only to try it again next time. I don't understand how they get away with that.